Cardiovascular

A case report of acute heart failure, pulmonary edema, and pleural effusion in an elderly patient with organic mental disorder: An integrative holistic nursing approach.

TL;DR

Holistic nursing effectively manages cardiopulmonary-psychiatric comorbidities through multidimensional assessment and multidisciplinary collaboration in an elderly patient with acute heart failure and organic mental disorder.

Key Findings

A 67-year-old male presented with critically low oxygen saturation and severe bilateral pleural effusions alongside acute heart failure and organic mental disorder.

  • Oxygen saturation was 60% on room air, improving to 85% with supplemental oxygen on admission
  • Bedside ultrasound revealed bilateral pleural effusions measuring 86 mm and 122 mm
  • Blood pressure was 139/90 mm Hg on admission
  • Patient had a 5-year history of visual hallucinations and insomnia alongside poorly controlled hypertension
  • Diagnoses included AHF (NYHA class IV), bilateral pleural effusion, pulmonary edema, complete left bundle branch block, hypertension stage 2, hepatic impairment, hypoproteinemia, and hypochloremia

Organic mental disorder and acute heart failure create a 'heart-brain vicious cycle' in which cognitive impairment masks cardiac symptoms while hypoxemia worsens delirium.

  • The authors describe this bidirectional relationship as a 'heart-brain vicious cycle'
  • Cognitive impairment associated with organic mental disorder can obscure recognition and reporting of cardiac symptoms
  • Hypoxemia resulting from cardiac failure was identified as a factor that worsens delirium and psychiatric symptoms
  • This multidimensional complexity was identified as the clinical rationale for an integrative holistic nursing approach

The holistic nursing intervention incorporated continuous triad assessment, pharmacologic management, ultrasound-guided thoracentesis, cognitive orientation strategies, and precise volume management.

  • Continuous triad assessment monitored consciousness, respiration, and circulation
  • Pharmacologic management included nitroglycerin and furosemide with dynamic adjustment
  • Ultrasound-guided thoracentesis drained 660 mL of pleural fluid
  • Cognitive orientation strategies included daytime cognitive orientation activities and nighttime 3 mg zopiclone for sleep
  • Precise volume management maintained a 400 to 500 mL negative daily fluid balance
  • Bundled infection control measures and high-protein nutrition were also implemented

After 16 days of holistic nursing care, dyspnea and edema resolved, pleural effusions cleared, ejection fraction improved, and cognitive orientation was restored.

  • Hospital stay duration was 16 days
  • Patient weight fell from 65 kg to 53.8 kg, representing a reduction of 11.2 kg
  • Bilateral pleural effusions cleared by discharge
  • Cognitive orientation was restored during the hospitalization period
  • No nosocomial infections occurred during the hospital stay

At 3-month follow-up, the patient demonstrated stable vital signs, medication adherence, self-sufficiency, and no recurrence of AHF or psychiatric symptoms.

  • Follow-up was conducted at 3 months post-discharge
  • Patient was adherent to medications at follow-up
  • Patient was described as self-sufficient at follow-up
  • No recurrence of AHF was reported at 3-month follow-up
  • No recurrence of psychiatric symptoms was reported at 3-month follow-up

The authors conclude that strengthening discharge planning and hospital-community continuity is essential for managing cardiopulmonary-psychiatric comorbidities.

  • Multidimensional assessment and multidisciplinary collaboration were identified as key components of effective management
  • Discharge planning was highlighted as an area requiring strengthening
  • Hospital-community continuity of care was identified as essential to sustained outcomes
  • This conclusion is based on a single case report and reflects the authors' clinical observations rather than controlled evidence

What This Means

This research describes the care of a 67-year-old man who arrived at the hospital in critical condition with both severe heart failure and an organic mental disorder (a psychiatric condition caused by a physical disease affecting the brain). His oxygen levels were dangerously low at 60%, he had large fluid collections around both lungs, and his psychiatric history — including five years of visual hallucinations and insomnia — made it harder to assess and treat his heart condition. The authors describe how these two conditions made each other worse: heart failure reduced oxygen to the brain, worsening confusion and psychiatric symptoms, while the psychiatric disorder made it difficult for the patient to communicate his cardiac symptoms. The nursing team used what they call a 'holistic nursing' approach, combining continuous monitoring of breathing, circulation, and consciousness; medications to reduce fluid and blood pressure; a procedure to drain 660 mL of fluid from around the lungs; structured sleep support; careful daily fluid balance management; and nutritional support. Over 16 days, the patient's breathing improved, the fluid around his lungs cleared, his heart function improved, and his mental orientation was restored. He lost over 11 kg in fluid weight and had no hospital-acquired infections. At a 3-month check-up, he remained stable, was taking his medications, could care for himself, and had no return of heart failure or psychiatric symptoms. This research suggests that elderly patients with both heart failure and psychiatric or cognitive conditions require a carefully coordinated, team-based care approach that addresses both conditions simultaneously rather than treating them separately. The case highlights that these two conditions interact in ways that can complicate diagnosis and treatment, and that structured nursing interventions targeting multiple dimensions of health — physical, cognitive, nutritional, and psychological — may support recovery and prevent complications. The authors also suggest that planning for care after hospital discharge and connecting patients to community support are important for maintaining long-term stability in this vulnerable population.

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Citation

Jiao G, Wu Y, Zhang S, Wang H, Du X. (2026). A case report of acute heart failure, pulmonary edema, and pleural effusion in an elderly patient with organic mental disorder: An integrative holistic nursing approach.. Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000050410