Assessment of vitamin A, vitamin B2, vitamin B12, vitamin K, folate, and choline status following 4 months of multinutrient supplementation in healthy vegans: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Multinutrient supplementation significantly improved vitamin B12 blood biomarkers in healthy vegans after 4 months.

• Significant between-group differences in changes were observed for serum vitamin B12, holotranscobalamin, and the combined vitamin B12 status indicator (cB12) after adjustment for baseline values, age, sex, and multiple testing.
• The supplement contained 82 µg of vitamin B12 per day.
• The study was a double-blind, randomised controlled trial (RCT) with 72 vegan adults aged 19–57 years in Germany.
• Duration of intervention was 4 months.
• Statistical comparisons between groups used ANCOVA adjusted for baseline values, age, sex, and multiple testing.

Multinutrient supplementation significantly affected flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) levels, indicating an effect on vitamin B2 status.

• Significant between-group differences in FAD concentration changes from baseline to 4 months were observed after adjustment.
• FAD is a biomarker of riboflavin (vitamin B2) status.
• This was one of only a few biomarkers showing significant between-group differences in the trial.
• The finding was observed in 72 vegan adults over 4 months of supplementation.

No significant between-group differences were observed for vitamin A status biomarkers following multinutrient supplementation.

• Biomarkers assessed for vitamin A status included vitamin A (retinol), retinol-binding protein, transthyretin, and beta-carotene.
• No significant between-group differences in changes from baseline to 4 months were found for any of these biomarkers after adjustment for baseline values, age, sex, and multiple testing.
• The study population consisted of 72 healthy vegan adults in Germany.

No significant between-group differences were observed for methylmalonic acid or homocysteine following supplementation.

• Methylmalonic acid and homocysteine are functional biomarkers related to vitamin B12 and folate/B-vitamin metabolism.
• Despite significant improvements in direct vitamin B12 biomarkers (serum B12, holotranscobalamin, cB12), no significant between-group differences were found for methylmalonic acid or homocysteine.
• Results were adjusted for baseline values, age, sex, and multiple testing using ANCOVA.

No significant between-group differences were observed for folate status following multinutrient supplementation.

• Folate biomarker changes from baseline to 4 months did not differ significantly between supplementation and placebo groups.
• Adjustment was made for baseline values, age, sex, and multiple testing.
• The trial included 72 healthy vegan adults over a 4-month intervention period.

No significant between-group differences were observed for vitamin K status biomarkers following multinutrient supplementation.

• Vitamin K status was assessed using total osteocalcin, carboxylated osteocalcin, and undercarboxylated osteocalcin.
• None of these biomarkers showed significant between-group differences in changes from baseline to 4 months after adjustment.
• Results were adjusted for baseline values, age, sex, and multiple testing using ANCOVA.

No significant between-group differences were observed for choline status following multinutrient supplementation.

• Choline biomarker changes from baseline to 4 months did not differ significantly between supplementation and placebo groups.
• Adjustment was made for baseline values, age, sex, and multiple testing.
• The study was conducted in 72 healthy vegan adults over 4 months in Germany.

The MultiVeg study was a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial conducted in healthy vegan adults in Germany.

• The study included 72 vegan adults aged 19–57 years.
• The intervention lasted 4 months.
• Data collected included anthropometric parameters, dietary nutrient intake, and nutritional status biomarkers assessed at baseline and after 4 months.
• The study was registered in the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00028151).
• Statistical analysis used ANCOVA with adjustment for baseline values, age, sex, and multiple testing.