Association of chrono-nutrition components with anthropometric measures and body composition in adults living in Tehran.

Late lunch eating was associated with lower percentage of body fat before Bonferroni correction.

• Cross-sectional study conducted on 450 healthy adults living in Tehran.
• ANCOVA was used after adjusting for confounders.
• The association between late lunch eating and lower PBF did not survive Bonferroni correction (significance threshold set at p < 0.004).
• Bonferroni correction was applied across all chrono-nutrition and body composition outcome comparisons.

Later dinner time showed a positive trend with greater waist-to-height ratio and body roundness index before Bonferroni correction.

• A positive trend was observed across tertiles of dinner time for WHtR (mean difference = 0.019; Ptrend = 0.025).
• A positive trend was also observed across tertiles of dinner time for BRI (mean difference = 0.24; Ptrend = 0.022).
• Neither association survived Bonferroni correction (significance threshold p < 0.004).
• Exposures included time of the last eating occasion and dinner timing as distinct chrono-nutrition components.

Increased irregularity at dinner time was associated with higher percentage of body fat and fat mass before Bonferroni correction.

• Dinner time irregularity showed a positive trend with PBF (Ptrend = 0.026).
• Dinner time irregularity also showed a positive trend with FM (Ptrend = 0.025).
• Neither association reached the Bonferroni-corrected significance level of p < 0.004.
• Meal irregularity was one of several chrono-nutrition exposures examined in the study.

Longer overnight fasting was associated with lower neck circumference and greater body roundness index before Bonferroni correction.

• Longer overnight fasting duration was associated with lower NC (Ptrend = 0.049).
• Longer overnight fasting duration was also associated with greater BRI (Ptrend = 0.050).
• Neither association survived Bonferroni correction.
• Night fasting duration was defined as one of the primary chrono-nutrition exposure variables.

A longer time interval from the last meal to bed was associated with greater body adiposity index, percentage of body fat, and fat mass before Bonferroni correction.

• Differences were found across the time interval from the last meal to bed with greater means of BAI (Ptrend = 0.026).
• The same interval was associated with greater PBF (Ptrend = 0.014) and FM (Ptrend = 0.020).
• None of these associations survived the Bonferroni correction threshold of p < 0.004.
• The time interval from the last meal to bed was a distinct exposure variable separate from overnight fasting duration.

After Bonferroni correction, no statistically significant associations were found between any chrono-nutrition component and any anthropometric measure or body composition outcome.

• Bonferroni correction was applied and the significance level was set at less than 0.004.
• Twelve outcome variables were examined: BMI, waist circumference, neck circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, WHtR, BAI, BRI, a body shape index, PBF, fat mass, fat-free mass, and muscle mass.
• Eight chrono-nutrition exposures were assessed: meal frequency, meal timing, meal irregularity, breakfast skipping, night fasting duration, time of first and last eating occasion, and time interval from last meal to bed.
• The authors concluded that further studies are necessary to confirm the results.