Beyond person-centered approaches: Integrating individual, sociodemographic and socio-spatial factors to better understand active and sustainable mobility.

Socio-spatial factors, including having a transport pass and trip chain complexity, were independent predictors of active and sustainable mobility (ASM).

• Transport pass ownership was identified as a significant socio-spatial facilitator of ASM in quantitative survey results.
• Trip chain complexity was identified as a socio-spatial barrier to ASM.
• These factors emerged from a quantitative survey of N=538 participants (54.83% women) using multiple linear regressions.
• Both national and local-level socio-spatial factors were investigated simultaneously.

Having children aged 12 or older was identified as an independent sociodemographic predictor of active and sustainable mobility.

• This finding emerged from multiple linear regression analyses on survey data (N=538).
• The age threshold of 12+ for children distinguished this effect from younger children.
• This was identified as one of several independent predictors alongside individual and socio-spatial factors.

Individual factors including car attitudes, ASM habits, and perceived health were independent predictors of active and sustainable mobility.

• Car attitudes functioned as a barrier to ASM in the quantitative analysis.
• ASM habits and perceived health were identified as facilitators of ASM.
• These individual-level factors were examined alongside socio-spatial and sociodemographic factors in the same regression models.
• The survey included N=538 participants completing measures about facilitators and barriers of ASM during a typical week.

Intention toward ASM interacted with bike ownership and transport pass ownership in predicting active and sustainable mobility.

• The interaction between intention and bike ownership was a significant finding in the quantitative regression analyses.
• The interaction between intention and transport pass ownership was also significant.
• These interaction effects suggest that the relationship between intention and behavior is moderated by access to mobility resources.
• This finding points to the importance of infrastructure and ownership factors in translating intention into behavior.

Qualitative findings revealed local-specific barriers to ASM, including living in mountainous areas, that would not be captured by national-level studies alone.

• Focus groups (n=9, three women) and individual interviews (n=8, five women) were conducted with mobility experts and car users wishing to reduce their car use in Grenoble.
• Grenoble is situated in a mountainous region, and this geographic feature was identified as a local-specific barrier.
• Data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis.
• These qualitative findings underscore the importance of using local samples in addition to national samples to identify context-specific facilitators and barriers.

A mixed-methods design combining quantitative survey, focus groups, and individual interviews was used to capture multi-level determinants of active and sustainable mobility.

• The quantitative component comprised an online survey with N=538 participants (54.83% women).
• The qualitative component included three focus groups (n=9, three women) and eight individual interviews (five women).
• Participants in the qualitative phase included mobility experts and car users wishing to reduce their car use in Grenoble.
• Multiple linear regressions were used for quantitative analysis; reflexive thematic analysis was used for qualitative data.
• The study simultaneously investigated individual, socio-spatial (national and local), and sociodemographic factors.

The study concluded that travel behavior should be understood as part of a complex system with multi-level factors requiring both national and local samples.

• Results emphasized 'the importance of studying behavior as part of a complex system with multi-level factors.'
• The authors advocate for 'using both national and local samples to better identify facilitators and barriers.'
• The study critiques previous research for adopting 'a mono-disciplinary perspective' and argues for simultaneous investigation of multiple factor types.
• The paper proposes going 'beyond person-centered approaches' to integrate individual, sociodemographic, and socio-spatial factors.