Developing culturally appropriate physical activity promotion strategies for older Chinese adults in the UK: an evidence-based, theory-based and person-based intervention development study.

Six intervention functions were identified to enhance older Chinese adults' capability, opportunity, and motivation for physical activity.

• The six intervention functions identified were: education, persuasion, incentivisation, training, modelling, and enablement.
• These functions were identified using seven steps of the Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW) framework.
• The functions were selected to address the capability, opportunity, and motivation components of the COM-B model.
• Identification occurred in Stage 1 of the two-stage intervention development process.

Twenty-seven behaviour change techniques (BCTs) and multiple delivery modes were identified for inclusion in the intervention.

• The 27 BCTs were identified in Stage 1 through the Behaviour Change Wheel framework.
• Multiple delivery modes were also identified alongside the BCTs.
• The identification process was informed by previous research findings and public and community involvement and engagement (PCIE) input.
• The BCTs and delivery modes were designed to be culturally appropriate for older Chinese adults in the UK.

Think-aloud interviews with 10 older Chinese adults in Stage 2 led to substantial modifications of the intervention prototypes.

• Ten older Chinese adults participated in think-aloud interviews during the optimisation stage (Stage 2).
• Three prototypes were retained in their original form, one new element was added, and three were removed.
• The remaining components were retained with either minor or major modifications.
• This iterative optimisation process was guided by the person-based approach (PBA).

The final culturally appropriate physical activity promotion strategies for older Chinese adults comprised three core components.

• The three final components were: culturally tailored PA booklets, monthly workshops, and social media support groups.
• These strategies were developed by combining the person-based approach (PBA) with the Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW).
• The strategies are described as the first culturally appropriate PA promotion strategies developed specifically for older Chinese adults in the UK.
• The authors note that further research is needed to evaluate their feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness.

The intervention development process combined the person-based approach (PBA) with the Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW) across two stages: design and optimisation.

• Stage 1 involved developing guiding principles, an intervention planning table, and a logic model using the PBA.
• Stage 1 also applied seven steps of the BCW to identify intervention components.
• Stage 2 used think-aloud interviews to optimise the intervention based on participant feedback.
• The process was informed by previous research findings and public and community involvement and engagement (PCIE).
• The two-stage approach was selected to ensure both theoretical grounding and person-centred development.

Older Chinese adults in the UK face unique needs when engaging in physical activity, yet culturally appropriate strategies to promote physical activity remain limited.

• The paper identifies a gap in culturally appropriate PA promotion strategies specifically for older Chinese adults living in the UK.
• The unique needs of this population are cited as the primary motivation for developing a culturally tailored intervention.
• No prior culturally appropriate PA promotion strategies for this specific population in the UK were identified in the literature.
• This gap justified the development of what the authors describe as the first such strategies for this group.