Effectiveness of the Combined Exercise and Cognitive Training System in Enhancing Frontal Lobe Function in Older Adults: A Randomized Control Study.

TMT-A and TMT-B results showed no significant differences between the intervention and active control groups at any time point.

• Assessments were conducted at baseline, postintervention, and follow-up time points.
• The intervention group (n=44 in final analysis) performed combined exercise-cognitive multitask training; the control group (n=40) performed matched-intensity aerobic exercises.
• No statistically significant between-group differences were found at baseline, postintervention, or follow-up.
• Trail Making Test Parts A and B were used to assess cognitive function.

Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) scores showed no significant differences between the intervention and active control groups at any time point.

• FAB was used as a measure of frontal lobe function.
• Assessments were conducted at baseline, postintervention, and follow-up.
• No statistically significant between-group differences were observed across all time points.
• Final analysis included 44 participants in the intervention group and 40 in the control group.

fNIRS analysis showed no significant differences in hemodynamic reactivity in the frontopolar cortex (FPC) between the intervention and active control groups.

• Portable functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to measure changes in hemodynamics of the frontopolar cortex during the task.
• No significant between-group differences in FPC hemodynamic reactivity were found.
• Measurements were taken at baseline, postintervention, and follow-up time points.
• The FPC was the primary region of interest for neuroimaging outcomes.

90 community-dwelling older adults were randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to an intervention or active control group in this randomized controlled trial.

• 45 participants were assigned to the intervention group and 45 to the active control group.
• The intervention group participated in a combined exercise-cognitive multitask training program for six consecutive weeks.
• The active control group performed matched-intensity aerobic exercises during the same period.
• Final analysis included 44 intervention participants and 40 control participants, indicating some attrition.

The combined exercise and cognitive training intervention was based on driving-related multitask training delivered over a six-week period.

• The intervention involved a 'driving-related combined exercise and cognitive training system.'
• The protocol was described as 'low-intensity, short-duration.'
• The active control group performed aerobic exercises matched in intensity.
• The study compared the effects of this multitask program versus aerobic exercise alone on frontal lobe function.