Effects of 12-week supervised combined aerobic and resistance training on body composition and physical function in overweight or obese adults with multiple cardiometabolic risk factors: a randomized trial.

The intervention group had significantly greater reductions in whole-body fat mass compared to controls at 12 weeks.

• Adjusted between-group difference in whole-body fat mass: -1.48 kg (95% CI, -1.85 to -1.11)
• Holm-adjusted P < 0.001
• This was a co-primary outcome assessed via baseline-adjusted linear mixed-effects models
• 52 participants were randomized (planned 2:1 ratio, intervention to control), all completed week 12 assessment

The intervention group showed significantly greater improvement in handgrip strength compared to controls at 12 weeks.

• Adjusted between-group difference in handgrip strength: 1.16 kg (95% CI, 0.56 to 1.77)
• Holm-adjusted P < 0.001
• Handgrip strength was a co-primary outcome
• Baseline-adjusted linear mixed-effects models were used for estimation

Exploratory secondary analyses suggested improvements across multiple body composition measures.

• Outcomes with unadjusted P values suggesting improvement included body weight, body mass index, body fat percentage, and trunk fat mass
• These were exploratory secondary analyses with unadjusted P values, not Holm-corrected
• Trunk muscle mass did not reach statistical significance
• Findings are described as preliminary

Exploratory secondary analyses suggested improvements in multiple physical function outcomes.

• Outcomes with unadjusted P values suggesting improvement included lower-limb explosive power, 4-m gait speed, one-leg standing balance, and sit-and-reach flexibility
• Whole-body response time did not reach statistical significance
• These were exploratory secondary analyses with unadjusted P values
• Analyses used baseline-adjusted linear mixed-effects models

The supervised exercise intervention demonstrated high adherence with no serious adverse events.

• Mean attendance was 86.7%
• No serious adverse events were reported
• All 52 randomized participants completed the week 12 assessment (100% retention)
• Of 60 individuals screened, 52 were randomized

The exercise intervention consisted of supervised combined aerobic and resistance training three times weekly over 12 weeks.

• Each session was 60 minutes and included warm-up, aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, and flexibility/cool-down components
• Intensity was monitored using heart rate, heart-rate reserve, perceived exertion, symptoms, and tolerance
• Participants were randomized using a computer-generated stratified permuted-block sequence with allocation concealment in a planned 2:1 ratio (intervention to control)
• Controls maintained usual lifestyle and dietary habits and received weekly telephone follow-up
• Eligible participants had overweight or obesity plus at least one additional clinically diagnosed cardiometabolic risk factor

Cardiometabolic biomarkers were not reassessed at follow-up, limiting the scope of conclusions.

• The authors explicitly note that cardiometabolic biomarkers were not reassessed at follow-up
• Findings are described as preliminary and should be interpreted as such
• The study was conducted in a single center (hospital-based integrated sports and health service setting)
• The authors note that evidence from hospital-based integrated sports and health service settings remains limited