Effects of fish oil supplementation on biomarkers of vascular endothelial function in middle-aged and older adults: a randomized controlled trial.

Fish oil supplementation at 1 g/day produced significantly greater reductions in ICAM-1 compared to control.

• The 1 g/day group showed a -24.21% reduction in ICAM-1 versus -10.90% in the control group.
• This between-group difference was statistically significant (P = 0.026).
• Higher doses of 2 g/day and 4 g/day did not show incremental benefit over the 1 g/day dose.
• The fish oil contained 182 mg EPA and 129 mg DHA per gram.

Fish oil supplementation at 1 g/day produced significantly greater reductions in MCP-1 compared to control.

• The 1 g/day group showed a -27.38% reduction in MCP-1 versus -14.92% in the control group.
• This between-group difference was statistically significant (P = 0.024).
• Higher doses (2 g/day and 4 g/day) did not demonstrate additional benefit beyond the 1 g/day dose.
• The dose-response pattern was described as U-shaped, suggesting optimal anti-inflammatory effects at modest intake.

No significant between-group differences were observed for NO, ET-1, or Ox-LDL biomarkers.

• Vasodilatory marker NO and endothelin ET-1 did not differ significantly between groups in between-group comparisons.
• Oxidative lipid marker Ox-LDL also showed no significant between-group differences.
• Within-group analysis showed increased NO in the 2 g/day group from baseline.
• Within-group analysis also showed decreased ET-1 in the 1 g/day and 4 g/day groups from baseline, though these did not reach significance in between-group comparisons.

Fish oil supplementation significantly increased serum EPA and DHA levels in all active treatment groups.

• Post-intervention analysis revealed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in serum EPA and DHA in all fish oil groups.
• The control group (0 g/day) did not show significant changes in serum EPA or DHA.
• Each gram of fish oil contained 182 mg EPA and 129 mg DHA.
• This confirmed compliance and bioavailability of the omega-3 supplementation across the three active dose groups.

The trial enrolled 240 participants randomized across four dose groups in a community-based middle-aged and older adult population.

• 240 participants were randomized to receive 0 g, 1 g, 2 g, or 4 g daily of fish oil for 12 weeks.
• Baseline characteristics and dietary intake did not differ significantly among groups (P > 0.05).
• Fasting blood samples were analyzed for fatty acids and endothelial function biomarkers at baseline and post-intervention.
• Biomarkers assessed included NO, ET-1, ICAM-1, MCP-1, and Ox-LDL.
• The study focused on primary cardiovascular prevention in middle-aged and elderly adults.