Everyday discrimination among middle-aged and older adults in India: a multilevel cross-sectional analysis from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India.

Adults with physical or mental impairment had significantly higher everyday discrimination rates than those without.

• IRR = 2.15 [95% CI: 1.88, 2.45] for adults with physical or mental impairment
• This was the strongest individual-level predictor of everyday discrimination in the study
• Analysis used multilevel negative binomial regression
• Sample consisted of 61,722 participants from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (2017-18)

Adults with functional disability had significantly higher everyday discrimination rates than those without functional disability.

• IRR = 1.43 [95% CI: 1.32, 1.55] for adults with functional disability
• Functional disability was a distinct variable from physical or mental impairment in the analysis
• Finding was derived from multilevel negative binomial regression models
• Study included adults aged 45 and above across India

Community (village/ward) level accounted for more geographic variance in everyday discrimination than the state/union territory level.

• Community level accounted for roughly 60% of geographic variation across models
• State/UT level accounted for roughly 40% of geographic variation across models
• Geographic variance was partitioned using multilevel regression analysis
• Authors concluded that 'community-based contextual factors necessitate further research'

Significant state/union territory-level variation in everyday discrimination scores was observed across India.

• Nagaland, Tripura, Mizoram, and Lakshadweep had comparatively lower ED scores than the national average
• Jammu and Kashmir, Delhi, Chhattisgarh, and Karnataka had higher ED scores than the national average
• Analysis was based on 61,722 participants from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (2017-18)
• Multilevel negative binomial regression was used to account for geographic clustering

Men, non-married adults, migrant residents, and adults in rural areas had higher everyday discrimination rates.

• These sociodemographic characteristics were independently associated with higher ED rates in multilevel negative binomial regression
• Rural residence was associated with higher ED rates compared to urban residence
• Migrant residents had higher ED rates than non-migrant residents
• Sample included 61,722 adults aged 45 and above from the 2017-18 Longitudinal Ageing Study in India

Higher education level and higher household monthly per capita income were associated with reduced everyday discrimination rates.

• The relationship between education and ED showed that increases in education level corresponded with reductions in ED rates
• Similarly, increases in household monthly per capita income were associated with reductions in ED rates
• These were described as general trends in the multilevel negative binomial regression analysis
• The study population comprised Indian adults aged 45 years and older