Exercise & Training

Exercise motivation, barriers and HIIT preferences among Chinese college students: a qualitative study.

TL;DR

Exercise behaviors among Chinese college students are shaped by varying types of motivation and the satisfaction or frustration of basic psychological needs as outlined in Self-Determination Theory, and supporting autonomy, competence, and relatedness may enhance engagement in HIIT and improve adherence.

Key Findings

Five themes related to exercise motivation were identified among Chinese college students: health benefits, self-interest, improved physical appearance, suitable training environment, and having training partners.

  • 16 undergraduate participants aged 18–24 were included in the analysis
  • Data collection used semi-structured in-depth interviews and continued until thematic saturation was achieved
  • Health benefits and physical appearance reflected extrinsic motivation under SDT
  • Self-interest (e.g., enjoyment) reflected intrinsic motivation, while having training partners reflected the relatedness psychological need
  • Analysis used a combination of inductive and deductive thematic analysis with NVivo 12

Internal barriers to exercise included lack of motivation, bodily discomfort, lack of time, high perceived intensity of HIIT, lack of knowledge, and fatigue.

  • Internal barriers were identified through an inductive thematic approach
  • Many internal barriers were interpreted as reflecting amotivation or competence-related challenges under SDT
  • High perceived intensity of HIIT was specifically identified as a distinct internal barrier
  • Lack of knowledge was identified as a competence-related challenge within the SDT framework

External barriers to exercise among Chinese college students included academic pressure, environmental constraints, and physical condition.

  • External barriers were categorized separately from internal barriers using the inductive thematic approach
  • Academic pressure was identified as a distinct external barrier specific to the college student context
  • Environmental constraints were identified as a structural external barrier
  • Physical condition was listed as an external barrier, distinct from internal bodily discomfort

Most participants preferred bodyweight-based HIIT exercises performed three times per week, with sessions lasting over 30 minutes.

  • HIIT preferences were analyzed using a deductive approach categorizing responses according to six predefined dimensions based on established exercise guidelines
  • Bodyweight-based exercises were the most preferred exercise modality
  • Preferred session frequency was three times per week
  • Preferred session duration was over 30 minutes
  • 16 participants were included in this preference analysis

The study used non-probability purposive sampling and semi-structured in-depth interviews with Chinese undergraduate students aged 18–24, achieving thematic saturation with 16 participants.

  • Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using NVivo 12
  • Both inductive and deductive thematic analysis approaches were applied: inductive for motivations and barriers, deductive for HIIT preferences
  • SDT constructs including intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, amotivation, autonomy, competence, and relatedness were used as an interpretive framework
  • Data collection continued until thematic saturation was achieved

The study was framed as a preliminary needs assessment to inform the development of a tailored HIIT module for Chinese college students, responding to declining physical fitness as a public health concern.

  • Declining physical fitness of Chinese college students is described as 'a major public health concern'
  • The findings are intended to provide 'a theoretical and empirical foundation for developing a tailored HIIT module'
  • The module design is intended to align with students' motivational profiles and preferences
  • Supporting autonomy, competence, and relatedness is proposed as a mechanism to enhance HIIT engagement and adherence

What This Means

This research explores why Chinese college students exercise or avoid exercise, and what kind of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) workouts they would prefer. Using one-on-one interviews with 16 undergraduate students, the researchers found that students were motivated to exercise mainly for health benefits, personal enjoyment, improving their appearance, having a good environment, and working out with friends. On the other hand, students faced significant barriers including lack of motivation, feeling too tired, not having enough time, finding HIIT too intense, not knowing how to do it, and external pressures like heavy academic workloads and limited facilities. When it came to preferences for HIIT workouts, most students preferred bodyweight exercises (no equipment needed), done about three times per week in sessions longer than 30 minutes. The researchers interpreted these findings through the lens of Self-Determination Theory, which suggests that people are more likely to stick with an activity when they feel a sense of personal choice (autonomy), feel capable of doing it (competence), and feel connected to others (relatedness). Several of the identified barriers — like not knowing how to do HIIT or finding it too hard — relate directly to feeling incompetent, which could undermine long-term participation. This research suggests that exercise programs for Chinese college students are more likely to succeed if they are designed to match students' preferences (such as bodyweight exercises done three times a week), while also addressing psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and social connection. Practical implications include designing beginner-friendly HIIT programs that reduce intimidation, incorporate social elements like group training, and reduce the time burden to help students fit exercise into their busy academic schedules.

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Citation

Wendi C, Hao L, Qi-Kai T, Farah N, Mat Ludin A. (2026). Exercise motivation, barriers and HIIT preferences among Chinese college students: a qualitative study.. Frontiers in public health. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1754702