Hypochloremia, non-medication related associated factors, and impact on clinical outcomes in patients with acute heart failure: Insights from resource limited setups.

The prevalence of hypochloremia among patients admitted with acute heart failure was 33.1%.

• 95% CI: 27.4%–39.2%
• Study included 260 patients aged ≥16 years admitted with acute heart failure
• Serum chloride was measured at admission
• Study was conducted in a resource-limited setting using a retrospective observational cohort design

Hypochloremic patients had significantly longer hospital stays compared to non-hypochloremic patients.

• Median hospital stay was 12 days in hypochloremic patients versus 8.5 days in non-hypochloremic patients
• Difference was statistically significant (p = 0.001)
• Association assessed using the Mann-Whitney U test

Hypochloremia was associated with significantly higher in-hospital mortality.

• Chi-square statistic: χ² = 8.58
• p = 0.003
• Association assessed using the Chi-square test

NYHA class IV heart failure was independently associated with hypochloremia in multivariate analysis.

• Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 6.96
• 95% CI: 1.49–32.4
• p = 0.014
• Identified through multivariable logistic regression analysis

History of COPD was independently associated with hypochloremia.

• AOR = 4.94
• 95% CI: 1.36–17.9
• p = 0.001
• Identified through multivariable logistic regression analysis

Hyponatremia was independently associated with hypochloremia.

• AOR = 2.20
• 95% CI: 1.8–9.5
• p = 0.001
• Identified through multivariable logistic regression analysis

Hypokalemia was independently associated with hypochloremia.

• AOR = 4.08
• 95% CI: 1.53–10.6
• p = 0.004
• Identified through multivariable logistic regression analysis