Impact of a 12-week calisthenic exercise regimen on glycaemic regulation and cardiovascular endurance in individuals with type 2 diabetes Mellitus. A randomized controlled trail.

A 12-week calisthenic exercise regimen significantly reduced HbA1c levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

• HbA1c in the intervention group decreased from 9.60 ± 1.25 to 6.54 ± 0.92 (p < 0.001)
• Participants were adults aged 30–75 years diagnosed with clinically stable T2DM
• The intervention group (n = 21) performed calisthenic exercises under physiotherapist supervision for 12 weeks
• The control group (n = 19) followed routine medical treatment only
• Statistical analysis used paired and independent t-tests with 95% confidence intervals

The 12-week calisthenic exercise intervention significantly improved cardiovascular endurance as measured by the 6-minute walk distance.

• Six-minute walk distance (6MWD) in the intervention group increased from 400.00 ± 48.60 m to 517.14 ± 56.12 m (p < 0.001)
• 6MWD was a pre-specified secondary outcome measure
• No comparable significant improvement was reported in the control group

The calisthenic exercise intervention significantly reduced BMI in the intervention group.

• BMI decreased from 26.51 ± 3.45 to 24.45 ± 2.98 in the intervention group (p = 0.007)
• BMI was a pre-specified secondary outcome
• The control group followed routine medical treatment without structured exercise

The 12-week calisthenic exercise program significantly reduced systolic blood pressure in the intervention group.

• Systolic blood pressure decreased from 136.38 ± 15.32 mmHg to 116.29 ± 12.47 mmHg in the intervention group (p < 0.001)
• Blood pressure was a pre-specified secondary outcome measure
• The reduction represents a clinically meaningful decrease from hypertensive to near-normal range values

The study used a randomized controlled trial design with computer-generated sealed envelope allocation and assessor blinding.

• Forty subjects aged 30–75 years with clinically stable T2DM were enrolled
• Participants were randomized 1:1 using computer-generated sealed envelopes
• Assessor blinding was employed; one pre-intervention group switch altered final allocation
• Final group sizes were intervention n = 21 and control n = 19