Impact of sex and menopausal hormonal therapy on cardiovascular diseases in people with diabetes or prediabetes.

Women with diabetes had a higher risk of heart failure compared to men with diabetes.

• HR: 1.095, 95% CI 1.068 to 1.123 for women vs. men with diabetes
• The same pattern was observed in people with prediabetes (HR: 1.150, 95% CI 1.118 to 1.183)
• Analysis was conducted on 890,184 people with diabetes and 1,313,591 people with prediabetes without a history of heart failure
• Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratios using the National Health Insurance Service database from 2009 to 2019

Women with diabetes had a lower risk of acute myocardial infarction compared to men with diabetes.

• HR: 0.507, 95% CI 0.486 to 0.528 for women vs. men with diabetes
• A similar pattern was observed in people with prediabetes
• Analysis excluded people with a history of acute myocardial infarction or stroke (1,180,576 with prediabetes and 673,688 with diabetes)
• People undergoing hemodialysis or with an eGFR < 15 mL/min/1.73 m2 were excluded from the study

Women with diabetes had a lower risk of stroke compared to men with diabetes.

• HR: 0.787, 95% CI 0.771 to 0.804 for women vs. men with diabetes
• A similar pattern was observed in people with prediabetes
• The analysis covered the period from 2009 to 2019 using the Korean National Health Insurance Service database
• Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratios

Menopausal hormone therapy was associated with a reduced risk of ischemic stroke in postmenopausal women with diabetes.

• HR: 0.761, 95% CI 0.589 to 0.983 for ischemic stroke risk in postmenopausal women with diabetes receiving hormone therapy
• A similar protective association was observed in postmenopausal women with prediabetes (HR: 0.659, 95% CI 0.488 to 0.889)
• The study population included Korean females identified from the National Health Insurance Service database from 2009 to 2019
• Analyses were conducted using Cox proportional hazards models

The study utilized a large Korean national database to examine sex differences and hormone therapy effects on cardiovascular disease in people with diabetes or prediabetes.

• The National Health Insurance Service database from 2009 to 2019 was used
• Sample sizes included 1,313,591 people with prediabetes and 890,184 people with diabetes without a history of heart failure
• Additionally, 1,180,576 people with prediabetes and 673,688 people with diabetes without a history of acute myocardial infarction or stroke were analyzed
• Exclusion criteria included people undergoing hemodialysis or with an eGFR < 15 mL/min/1.73 m2