Cardiovascular

Key Improvements in Healthcare for Persons With Diabetes at Risk of Developing Foot Ulcers: A Concept Mapping Study.

TL;DR

Timely access to podiatry, increased foot health awareness among healthcare professionals, and rapid intervention when problems arise were identified as key priorities for improving diabetic foot ulcer care and patient outcomes.

Key Findings

Five clusters of improvement ideas for diabetic foot ulcer prevention and care were identified from 83 generated ideas by 31 participants.

  • 31 participants contributed to the concept mapping process
  • 83 total ideas were generated and subsequently clustered
  • The five clusters were: (1) Examination of the feet by healthcare professionals, (2) Exchange of knowledge/Exchange of experiences, (3) Access to podiatry, (4) Economy/Equal care, and (5) Other/Support for self-care
  • Participants included patients with diabetes, healthcare professionals, and researchers
  • The study was conducted in Region Västra Götaland, Sweden

Three ideas were prioritized in a workshop as the top improvements for diabetic foot ulcer prevention and care.

  • 22 participants attended the prioritization workshop
  • The three top-prioritized ideas were: (1) Having access to podiatry if problems occur, (2) Getting help when problems arise, and (3) Information from healthcare about the importance of good foot healthcare
  • These three ideas received 80% or more of all votes within each of the five clusters
  • All three ideas were scored greater than 5 for feasibility and greater than 7 for importance on a scale of 0 to 7 (with some participants allowed to score above 7)

Enhancing individual self-care capabilities and maintaining personalised interactions despite digitalisation were identified as additional prioritised improvements.

  • These priorities emerged from the workshop prioritization process
  • The concern about maintaining personalized interactions reflects tension between digital health solutions and individualized patient care
  • These findings were part of the broader set of prioritized ideas beyond the top three

Diabetic foot ulcers carry a lifetime risk of up to 34% in persons with diabetes, and gaps remain in the care chain despite existing preventive guidelines.

  • The lifetime risk of diabetic foot ulcers is stated as up to 34%
  • The study notes that preventive guidelines exist but gaps remain in the care chain
  • This gap in care motivated the study's participatory action research design as part of a larger observational co-design study

A participatory action research and concept mapping methodology was used to engage multiple stakeholder groups in identifying and prioritising improvements.

  • The design was described as 'participatory action research' embedded within 'a larger observational co-design study'
  • Concept Mapping was used to generate and cluster ideas, followed by a separate workshop for prioritization
  • Improvements were assessed on two dimensions: feasibility and importance, rated on a scale of 0 to 7, with exceptions allowing scores above 7
  • Stakeholder groups included patients with diabetes, healthcare professionals, and researchers

What This Means

This research suggests that people with diabetes who are at risk of developing foot ulcers face significant gaps in the healthcare they receive, despite guidelines meant to prevent these serious complications. Using a structured group process called Concept Mapping, researchers gathered patients, healthcare workers, and researchers together in Sweden to brainstorm and then prioritize ideas for improving care. From 83 ideas, five main themes emerged, covering topics like how healthcare professionals examine feet, sharing knowledge, access to foot specialists (podiatrists), fairness in care, and support for patients managing their own foot health. The most highly prioritized improvements identified were: having timely access to a podiatrist when foot problems appear, being able to get help quickly when issues arise, and receiving clear information from healthcare providers about why good foot care matters. These top priorities were both considered highly feasible and extremely important by the participants. Participants also emphasized the value of supporting patients in caring for their own feet and maintaining personal, individualized interactions with healthcare providers even as digital health tools become more common. This research suggests that simply having guidelines is not enough — patients and providers alike see real-world barriers to foot ulcer prevention, particularly around specialist access and timely responses to emerging problems. The findings point to practical steps health systems could take, such as improving pathways to podiatry care and increasing foot health education for both patients and non-specialist healthcare workers, which could potentially reduce the serious consequences of diabetic foot ulcers, including infections and amputations.

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Citation

Hellstrand Tang U, Sundberg L, Andersson S, Folkesson C, Hagström L, Annersten Gershater M. (2026). Key Improvements in Healthcare for Persons With Diabetes at Risk of Developing Foot Ulcers: A Concept Mapping Study.. Journal of foot and ankle research. https://doi.org/10.1002/jfa2.70205