Leveraging real-time personal monitoring of air pollution and physical activity levels, and location tracking for mobility- and inhaled dose-based assessments of exposure and health risk.

Significant gender differences in average daily inhaled dose (ADD) were found only when mobility and real-time physical activity intensity were simultaneously accounted for, with men exhibiting higher ADD than women.

• Gender differences in exposure were only significant in ADD, not in traditional exposure metrics
• ADD incorporates real-time PA intensity and physiological characteristics alongside mobility data
• Traditional exposure metrics that fail to account for both mobility and PA intensity did not reveal this gender difference
• The finding highlights the importance of accounting for both mobility and real-time PA intensity in exposure assessments

Individuals with lower educational attainment exhibited higher PM2.5 exposure and non-carcinogenic health risk across all mobility-based metrics.

• The educational attainment difference in exposure and risk was captured by all mobility-based metrics
• This difference was not captured by the residence- and concentration-based metric
• The finding has implications for environmental justice and health disparities research
• Both exposure and non-carcinogenic risk were higher for the lower educational attainment group

Three-dimensional geovisualization of spatiotemporal exposure dynamics confirmed that inhaled dose changes do not always align with exposure concentration changes.

• A three-dimensional geovisualization was used to illustrate the spatiotemporal dynamics of personal PM2.5 exposure
• The visualization demonstrated that physical activity plays a mediating role between concentration and inhaled dose
• Periods of higher PM2.5 concentration do not necessarily correspond to periods of higher inhaled dose, and vice versa
• This finding underscores the limitation of using concentration alone as a proxy for personal exposure and health risk

The study integrated real-time personal PM2.5 monitoring, GPS location tracking, physical activity intensity, and physiological characteristics to compute mobility- and PA-based average daily inhaled dose (ADD).

• Real-time PM2.5 data were collected via personal monitoring devices across indoor and outdoor geographic contexts
• Individuals' real-time locations were tracked continuously
• PA intensity was measured in real time and combined with physiological characteristics to estimate dynamic inhalation rates
• ADD was compared against traditional exposure metrics that do not simultaneously account for mobility, PA intensity, and physiological characteristics
• The approach addresses a gap in previous studies that have not simultaneously considered all these key factors

Mobile sensing and mobility- and PA-aware approaches are demonstrated to provide advantages over traditional metrics for personalized health risk assessment and environmental justice research.

• Most previous studies have not simultaneously considered mobility, real-time PA intensity, and physiological characteristics in exposure assessment
• Residence- and concentration-based metrics failed to identify differences in exposure associated with educational attainment
• The study emphasizes the need for mobility- and PA-aware approaches for accurate, personalized health risk assessments
• The authors highlight implications for advancing environmental justice and health disparities research