Muscle performance and bone density following a multi-intervention program with milk or soy milk supplementation in older adults: quasi-experimental study.

All groups experienced significant improvements in walking speed following the 8-week multi-intervention program.

• Quasi-experimental cluster-based study with 82 community-dwelling adults aged ≥60 years
• Four groups: exercise alone (Group 1), exercise plus nutrition education (Group 2), exercise plus NE with milk supplementation (Group 3), exercise plus NE with soy milk supplementation (Group 4)
• All groups engaged in resistance training 3 times per week for 8 weeks
• Within-group analyses showed significant walking speed improvements across all four groups

The milk supplementation group (Group 3) showed significant improvements in handgrip strength and sit-to-stand performance.

• Group 3 exhibited a mean change of +4.41 kg in handgrip strength
• Group 3 exhibited a mean change of -1.94 seconds in 5-time sit-to-stand performance
• These improvements were observed within-group from baseline to post-intervention

The milk supplementation group (Group 3) achieved greater gains in handgrip strength compared to other groups.

• Group 3 achieved greater handgrip strength gains than Group 2 (exercise plus NE only) by -0.84 kg
• Group 3 achieved greater handgrip strength gains than Group 4 (soy milk supplementation) by +0.52 kg
• Between-group comparisons indicated milk supplementation provided additional benefit over NE alone and soy milk supplementation

The milk supplementation group (Group 3) showed a borderline significant improvement in total bone mineral density compared with the exercise-alone group.

• Group 3 showed a total BMD change of +0.01 g/cm²
• Group 1 (exercise alone) showed a total BMD change of -0.06 g/cm²
• The difference was described as 'borderline significant'
• BMD was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)

Groups receiving nutrition education (Groups 2–4) exhibited greater increases in upper-limb bone mineral density compared with the exercise-alone group.

• Group 2 (exercise plus NE) showed upper-limb BMD change of +0.04 g/cm²
• Group 3 (exercise plus NE plus milk) showed upper-limb BMD change of +0.02 g/cm²
• Group 4 (exercise plus NE plus soy milk) showed upper-limb BMD change of +0.01 g/cm²
• Group 1 (exercise alone) showed upper-limb BMD change of -0.02 g/cm²
• All three NE-receiving groups outperformed the exercise-alone group in upper-limb BMD

The study design was a quasi-experimental cluster-based trial with four distinct intervention groups in community-dwelling older adults.

• 82 community-dwelling adults aged ≥60 years completed the intervention
• 8-week duration with cluster-based group assignment
• Body composition and physical performance were measured using DXA and standardized tests at baseline and after intervention
• Registered at ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT06173271
• Groups 2–4 received weekly nutrition education while Group 1 did not