Profiles of job satisfaction among industrial workers and its association with mental health under the background of Industry 5.0 transformation: a latent profile analysis.

The mean job satisfaction score among industrial workers was 3.62 ± 0.90.

• Data were collected from 3,420 male frontline workers at a large automobile manufacturing enterprise in Jilin Province, China in April 2024.
• The study used a cross-sectional design.
• All participants were male frontline workers.

Latent profile analysis identified four distinct profiles of job satisfaction among industrial workers.

• Profile 1: 'Very low' job satisfaction, comprising 5.97% of participants.
• Profile 2: 'Low-to-moderate' job satisfaction, comprising 31.14% of participants.
• Profile 3: 'Moderately high' job satisfaction, comprising 42.63% of participants.
• Profile 4: 'High' job satisfaction, comprising 20.26% of participants.
• Latent profile analysis (LPA) was the analytical method used to identify these profiles.

Depression and anxiety showed a clear level-gradient pattern across the four job satisfaction profiles.

• Higher job satisfaction profiles were associated with lower levels of depression and anxiety.
• Job satisfaction profile membership remained associated with depression and anxiety after adjustment for covariates and work stress.
• Hierarchical linear regression analysis was used to examine these associations.
• The pattern was described as a 'clear level-gradient pattern across profiles.'

Digital-intelligence job insecurity displayed a non-monotonic pattern across job satisfaction profiles.

• Digital-intelligence job insecurity showed higher levels in the low-to-moderate and moderately high profiles, rather than following a simple gradient.
• Associations between job satisfaction profiles and digital-intelligence job insecurity were 'smaller but detectable' after covariate and stress adjustment.
• This non-monotonic pattern distinguished digital-intelligence job insecurity from the linear patterns seen for depression and anxiety.

Work stress showed consistent associations with all three mental health outcomes examined.

• Work stress was associated with depression, anxiety, and digital-intelligence job insecurity across all profiles.
• Work stress was included as a covariate in the hierarchical linear regression analysis.
• Job satisfaction profile associations with depression and anxiety remained significant even after adjusting for work stress.

The study was conducted in the context of Industry 5.0 transformation among frontline industrial workers.

• The sample consisted exclusively of 3,420 male frontline workers from a single large automobile manufacturing enterprise in Jilin Province, China.
• Data collection took place in April 2024.
• The study focused on digital-intelligence job insecurity as a mental health outcome specific to the Industry 5.0 transformation context.
• The cross-sectional design limits causal inference.