Renal effects of short-term ketone monoester supplementation in healthy adults: A randomized, placebo-controlled study.

Ketone monoester (KME) treatment acutely increased glomerular filtration rate compared with placebo.

• GFR increased by 6.0 mL/min compared to placebo (p = 0.002)
• GFR was assessed using 99mTechnetium-diethylene-triamine-pentaacetate (Tc-99-DTPA) clearance
• Measurement was performed on the sixth day, the day following completion of the 5-day supplementation period
• 13 participants completed both treatment periods out of 15 enrolled

KME treatment acutely increased urinary sodium excretion compared with placebo.

• Sodium excretion increased by 69 µmol/min compared to placebo (p < 0.0001)
• This was measured acutely on the sixth day following the 5-day supplementation period
• No corresponding change in sodium excretion was detected in the 24-h urine collected on day 5

KME treatment acutely decreased urinary potassium excretion compared with placebo.

• Potassium excretion decreased by 31 µmol/min compared to placebo (p < 0.0001)
• This was measured acutely on the sixth day following the 5-day supplementation period
• No corresponding change in potassium excretion was detected in the 24-h urine collected on day 5

Electrolyte excretion measured in 24-h urine remained unchanged with KME supplementation.

• 24-h urine was collected on the fifth day of each intervention period
• No statistically significant differences in electrolyte excretion were detected in the 24-h urine samples
• This indicates that renal effects on electrolyte handling are not sustained over the full 24-h collection period

The study used a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized crossover design with a standardized diet and washout period.

• 15 healthy participants were enrolled; 13 completed both treatment periods
• Participants received KME or placebo three times daily for 5 days
• A 2-week washout period separated the two treatment arms
• Participants were maintained on a standardized diet during each intervention period