Sexual Health

Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights.

TL;DR

The Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine positions that comprehensive sexual and reproductive health information and healthcare are fundamental human rights for all adolescents and young adults, and that universal access, clinician competency, and increased investment are needed to actualize these rights.

Key Findings

Access to comprehensive, confidential sexual and reproductive health education and healthcare services improves a range of outcomes for adolescents and young adults (AYAs).

  • Favorable outcomes include delays in the age of sexual debut
  • Reductions in sexual activity rates and the number of sexual partners
  • Increases in contraception and condom use
  • Family and community supports were identified as additional factors contributing to these improved outcomes
  • The paper states 'a strong body of research demonstrates' these associations

AYAs continue to experience disproportionately higher rates of multiple sexual and reproductive health harms compared to other populations.

  • Higher rates of sexually transmitted infections and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are reported among AYAs
  • Elevated rates of unintended pregnancy affect this population
  • Reproductive coercion and sexual exploitation are identified as disproportionate burdens on AYAs
  • Violence based on sex assigned at birth, sexual orientation, and gender identity contributes to these disparities
  • These disparities are noted to contribute to 'morbidity, mortality, and health inequities'

Sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) are identified as essential to multiple dimensions of adolescent development and broader societal outcomes.

  • SRHR are described as essential to 'emotional, cognitive, and psychosocial development'
  • Physical and mental health are identified as domains affected by SRHR
  • Gender equality and 'wider economic and social development' are listed as outcomes connected to SRHR
  • SRHR encompasses the right to comprehensive, medically accurate, and evidence-based sexual health information and healthcare services

The Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine adopted four formal policy positions regarding SRHR for AYAs.

  • Position 1: Comprehensive sexual and reproductive health information and healthcare are fundamental human rights for all AYAs
  • Position 2: All AYAs should have universal access to comprehensive sexual and reproductive health information and healthcare
  • Position 3: All AYA-serving clinicians should have requisite knowledge and skills; nonclinical AYA professionals should serve as SRHR resources and provide referrals
  • Position 4: Increased investments in AYA-related sexual and reproductive health education, services, research, and advocacy with meaningful stakeholder engagement are needed

AYA participation in SRHR interventions and policies is identified as necessary to ensure relevance and effectiveness.

  • The paper states AYAs 'should have a voice in SRHR interventions and policies that affect their lives'
  • This is framed as necessary 'to ensure these efforts are relevant and meet their needs'
  • Opportunities to advance SRHR are identified at 'each level of the socioecological system'
  • Meaningful stakeholder engagement is specified as a component of needed investments

Comprehensive SRHR must be inclusive of diverse identities including sexual orientation, gender identity, sexual behavior, and reproduction.

  • Access to information and healthcare 'inclusive of sexual orientation, gender identity, sexual behavior, and reproduction' is described as critical to healthy sexual development
  • The paper notes that violence based on sex assigned at birth, sexual orientation, and gender identity specifically contributes to disparities
  • Confidentiality is identified as an important component of SRHR access alongside comprehensiveness

What This Means

This position paper from the Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine reviews the current state of sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) for adolescents and young adults (AYAs) and establishes the organization's official policy stances. The paper draws on an existing body of research showing that when young people have access to comprehensive, accurate, and confidential sexual health education and healthcare — along with family and community support — they tend to delay sexual activity, have fewer sexual partners, and use contraception and condoms more consistently. Despite these known benefits, AYAs still face disproportionately high rates of sexually transmitted infections, HIV, unintended pregnancy, reproductive coercion, and violence related to gender identity and sexual orientation. This research suggests that gaps in access to SRHR services and information are not just health issues but human rights concerns with wide-ranging consequences for mental health, personal development, gender equality, and economic outcomes. The paper specifically highlights that disparities are especially pronounced for young people whose sexual orientation or gender identity differs from cisgender heterosexual norms, and that these disparities contribute to measurable harm and health inequities. The authors argue that every level of society — from individual clinicians to community organizations to policymakers — has a role to play in improving these outcomes. The Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine formally calls for universal access to comprehensive SRHR information and care for all young people, better training for clinicians and other youth-serving professionals, and increased investment in research, education, and advocacy in this area. Importantly, the paper emphasizes that young people themselves should be meaningfully involved in shaping the policies and programs that affect their sexual and reproductive health, as their input is essential to making those efforts effective and relevant.

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Citation

(2025). Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights.. The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2025.02.008