Mental Health

Strengthening harm reduction strategies for boys and men in Australia: thinking differently about dominant discourses on gender-based violence

TL;DR

This paper argues that dominant Australian discourses on gender-based violence marginalise male victims, particularly boys, and advocates for an inclusive harm reduction model grounded in human rights frameworks and 'ethical intelligence' masculinity that addresses male victimisation without undermining women's rights.

Key Findings

Australian discussions of domestic and family violence (DFV) and gender-based violence (GBV) frequently depict women and girls as victims and men as perpetrators, which risks marginalising male victims, particularly boys.

  • While the authors acknowledge this depiction 'reflecting the reality,' they argue it nonetheless carries consequences for male victims
  • This framing is described as risking 'infringing upon their rights to safety, dignity, and support'
  • The paper draws on feminist theory, masculinity studies, and child welfare research to support this position
  • The Australian context is the primary focus, though international human rights standards are also invoked

Media stereotypes regarding violence and gender create specific harmful patterns: violent mothers are portrayed as mentally ill, male perpetrators as inherently violent, and boy victims are largely ignored.

  • The authors describe this tripartite pattern of media representation as exacerbating marginalisation of male victims
  • The 'erasure' of boy victims is described as violating international human rights standards
  • Specific reference is made to the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC, UN 1998), which affirms everyone's right to protection from violence and discrimination
  • The paper frames this media dynamic as a systemic issue requiring institutional advocacy

The concept of the 'ideal victim,' typically portrayed as white, young, and female, obscures complex realities and undermines a rights-based approach to violence.

  • This concept is used to explain why male and other non-conforming victims receive less recognition and support
  • The authors argue this framing 'undermines a rights-based approach to violence'
  • The paper links this idealised victim construct to broader systemic failures in harm reduction and service provision
  • Intersecting factors such as race and age are noted as contributing to the narrowness of the 'ideal victim' construct

Societal masculine norms deter boys from expressing vulnerability and seeking help, thereby infringing upon their rights to health and support.

  • The paper identifies masculine norms as a structural barrier to help-seeking behaviours among boys
  • This is framed as a rights violation, specifically the right to health and support
  • The authors draw on masculinity studies literature to support this claim
  • The paper proposes that shifting norms toward 'healthy masculinities grounded in empathy and caregiving' could address this barrier

Harm reduction strategies, while widely used in public health and suicide prevention, have had limited application in the context of family violence and gender-based violence.

  • The paper identifies this gap as a key problem to be addressed
  • A human rights approach is cited as the basis for arguing that 'harm reduction initiatives should encompass all victims'
  • The application of harm reduction to GBV and FV contexts is described as an underutilised opportunity
  • The paper proposes extending these frameworks explicitly to include male victims

The paper proposes an inclusive model of masculinity founded on 'ethical intelligence,' drawing on feminist theory, masculinity studies, and child welfare research.

  • Men who challenge traditional masculine norms are cited as exemplifying 'positive masculinity' through engaged parenting and emotional openness
  • The model is described as grounded in empathy and caregiving rather than pathology and aggression
  • The authors frame this as a 'proposal' rather than reporting empirical findings
  • The model is intended to support collaborative efforts to incorporate male victimisation into education, media, and prevention strategies

Despite an Australian Government election commitment of $32 million to boys' and men's health, the authors argue additional efforts are essential to integrate male victimisation issues within human rights frameworks and public discourse.

  • The $32 million figure is cited as a policy commitment
  • The authors contend this funding alone is insufficient without accompanying shifts in discourse and frameworks
  • The paper argues that acknowledging male victimisation 'supports, rather than threatens, women's rights within an inclusive human rights paradigm'
  • Education, media, and policy sectors are all identified as requiring concerted effort

What This Means

This research suggests that the way Australia publicly talks about domestic and family violence—framing women and girls almost exclusively as victims and men as perpetrators—while broadly accurate at the population level, has the unintended consequence of making it harder for male victims, especially boys, to be recognised, believed, and supported. The authors argue that media portrayals reinforce this problem by depicting violent mothers as mentally ill (rather than abusive), treating male violence as inherent, and largely ignoring boys who experience abuse. They contend these patterns violate international human rights principles, including the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, which guarantees protection from violence for all children regardless of gender. The paper proposes that harm reduction approaches—commonly used in areas like drug use and suicide prevention—should be more deliberately applied to family and gender-based violence, and should explicitly include male victims. The authors advocate for a new model of masculinity built around 'ethical intelligence,' emphasising empathy, emotional openness, and engaged parenting as alternatives to traditional norms that discourage boys and men from seeking help or admitting vulnerability. They argue this shift should be reflected across education, media, and government policy. This research suggests that recognising male victimisation does not undermine efforts to address violence against women, but rather strengthens an overall human rights framework that protects everyone. Despite a noted Australian Government commitment of $32 million toward boys' and men's health, the authors argue that meaningful change requires deeper integration of these issues into public narratives and institutional policies, rather than treating them as competing with or separate from gender equity goals for women and girls.

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Citation

Samantha Burton, James Smith. (2026). Strengthening harm reduction strategies for boys and men in Australia: thinking differently about dominant discourses on gender-based violence. Harm Reduction Journal. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-026-01429-7