Targeting estrogen receptor signaling for treating heart failure.

Premenopausal women have lower rates of heart failure development, morbidity, and mortality compared to postmenopausal women and men.

• This epidemiological difference has long been noted in the literature.
• The disparity is attributed to estrogen playing a cardioprotective role in premenopausal women.
• The exact mechanisms by which estrogen provides this cardioprotection remain unclear.

Estrogen receptors are present within the cardiovascular system and contribute to the cardioprotective effects of estrogen.

• The review examines the presence of estrogen receptors specifically within the cardiovascular system.
• These receptors play a role in mediating the cardioprotective effects attributed to estrogen.
• The underlying mechanisms by which these receptors alleviate heart failure are discussed.

Hormone replacement therapy represents a possible treatment approach for manipulating estrogen receptor signaling to treat and prevent heart failure.

• Hormone replacement therapy is highlighted as a potential approach to manipulate estrogen receptor mechanisms.
• This treatment approach is considered in the context of both treating existing heart failure and preventing its development.
• The review frames hormone replacement therapy alongside exercise regimens as therapeutic strategies.

Exercise regimens represent a non-pharmacological approach to manipulating estrogen receptor mechanisms in treating and preventing heart failure.

• Exercise regimens are identified as a possible treatment approach alongside hormone replacement therapy.
• These regimens are discussed in the context of manipulating estrogen receptor signaling mechanisms.
• Both treating and preventing heart failure are cited as goals of exercise-based interventions targeting these pathways.

Heart failure is described as a significant public health problem worldwide.

• The paper frames heart failure as a major global public health concern.
• Sex-based differences in heart failure incidence underscore the importance of understanding estrogen's role.
• Understanding estrogen receptor signaling is presented as relevant to addressing this public health burden.