Technology use and sleep: An examination of population data from the National Sleep Foundation.

The vast majority of adults in this national sample reported using electronic devices within one hour of bedtime.

• 89.9% of participants reported using electronic devices within 1 hour of bedtime
• 76.5% reported using technology in the bedroom specifically
• Sample included 1000 participants with a mean age of 51.92 years
• 51.1% of the sample were women
• Data were drawn from the National Sleep Foundation

Use of any electronic device near bedtime was associated with poorer sleep quality and greater sleep deficits.

• Self-reported sleep duration, sleep quality, sleep deficiency, and social jetlag were assessed from the Sleep Health Index
• The association was found in cross-sectional weighted analyses
• Both sleep quality and sleep deficiency outcomes were negatively associated with pre-bedtime technology use
• The study design was cross-sectional, limiting causal inference

Smartphone use in the hour before bed was specifically associated with greater social jetlag.

• Social jetlag reflects less consistent sleep patterns across days
• The association was specific to smartphone use among the devices examined
• The authors described this as smartphone use being 'associated with less consistent sleep patterns'
• This finding was distinct from the general device-use associations with sleep quality and deficiency

Hispanic participants and younger participants reported greater device use before bed and in the bedroom compared to other groups.

• Sociodemographic differences in pre-bedtime technology use were evaluated using weighted analyses
• Both ethnicity (Hispanic) and younger age were associated with higher rates of pre-sleep and in-bedroom technology use
• The authors noted that 'presence of racial and ethnic differences in pre-sleep technology use may signify a potential target for promoting health equity'
• Age was examined as a continuous or categorical sociodemographic variable in the analyses

Pre-sleep technology use patterns varied by location, with bedroom use being the most common setting.

• 76.5% of participants used technology in the bedroom specifically
• This is compared to 89.9% who used any technology in the hour before bed, indicating most bedroom use occurred as part of pre-sleep routines
• Location of technology use was assessed as a separate variable from general pre-bedtime use
• Bedroom technology use is considered particularly relevant to sleep health due to its proximity to the sleep environment