The Impact of Nutritional Status on Survival and Development of Sarcoidosis: A Scoping Review of Current Evidence and Research Gaps.

Overweight and obesity showed the strongest and most consistent association with increased risk of sarcoidosis among the nutritional parameters examined.

• Eighteen studies, predominantly observational, were included in the scoping review.
• Anthropometric parameters yielded the most consistent findings across included studies.
• Overweight and obesity were also associated in selected studies with reduced exercise capacity and greater disease burden.
• Studies were published between 2015 and 2025 and sourced from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, EBSCO, and Google Scholar.

Disturbances in calcium-vitamin D metabolism were frequent and clinically relevant in sarcoidosis patients, particularly in the context of supplementation-related hypercalcemia.

• Calcium-vitamin D metabolism disturbances were identified as a recurring and clinically significant finding across included studies.
• Supplementation-related hypercalcemia was specifically highlighted as a clinical concern.
• This finding was noted within the broader category of nutrition-related biomarkers examined in the review.
• The review included nutrition-related biomarkers as one of several broadly defined nutritional exposure categories.

Evidence linking nutritional status to prognosis in sarcoidosis was indirect, and direct data on sarcoidosis-specific survival were lacking.

• No studies providing direct data on sarcoidosis-specific survival in relation to nutritional status were identified.
• The available prognostic evidence was characterized as indirect.
• Due to substantial heterogeneity in exposure definitions and outcome measures, no quantitative synthesis or formal methodological quality appraisal was performed.
• The 18 included studies were predominantly observational in design.

The scoping review was conducted following a defined methodology encompassing multiple nutritional exposure categories across multiple databases.

• The review was conducted in accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and the PRISMA-ScR guidelines.
• Six databases were searched: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, EBSCO, and Google Scholar.
• Studies published between 2015 and 2025 were eligible.
• Eligible studies included adult patients with sarcoidosis and addressed nutritional status broadly defined, encompassing anthropometric measures, body composition, immunonutritional indices, nutrition-related biomarkers, dietary factors, and supplementation practices.

Well-designed prospective and interventional studies using standardized nutritional assessment tools and clinically relevant endpoints are needed to clarify the role of nutritional factors in sarcoidosis.

• The available data are largely observational, limiting causal inference.
• No formal assessment of methodological quality was performed due to substantial heterogeneity.
• The authors characterize the existing results as 'association mapping and hypothesis generation rather than as evidence of causality.'
• Standardized nutritional assessment tools and clinically relevant endpoints were identified as necessary components of future research.

Sarcoidosis is characterized as a heterogeneous, multisystem inflammatory disease with an unpredictable clinical course and limited prognostic markers.

• Nutritional and metabolic factors—particularly obesity, body composition, and calcium-vitamin D metabolism—have received increasing attention as potentially modifiable elements.
• These factors are described as potentially associated with disease development and clinical phenotype.
• The available literature on nutritional factors in sarcoidosis was characterized as 'fragmented and methodologically heterogeneous.'
• The objective of the review was to systematically map current evidence and identify key gaps requiring further research.