Therapeutic modulation of inflammation and oxidative stress in rheumatoid arthritis through Choerospondias axillaris intervention: evidence from in-vitro and in-vivo studies.

A chewable nutraceutical tablet was formulated from C. axillaris fruit powder and contained detectable mineral elements and phytochemical constituents.

• Tablets (LTs) were prepared by direct compression with C. axillaris fruit powder as the principal ingredient.
• Characterization used FTIR, SEM, and EDX.
• The abstract reports detectable mineral elements and phytochemicals but gives no quantitative values.

The C. axillaris tablet was evaluated for antioxidant activity using the DPPH free-radical scavenging assay.

• Antioxidant activity was assessed with the DPPH assay.
• The abstract does not provide numerical results (e.g., IC50) for this assay.

Network pharmacology identified 20 potential targets linking C. axillaris activity to RA.

• Targets were predicted using PharmMapper, followed by Cytoscape-based network analysis.
• GO and KEGG pathway analyses were performed on the targets.
• Selected targets were then evaluated experimentally.

Molecular docking suggested potential interactions between major C. axillaris bioactive compounds and key RA-related proteins.

• Docking was performed to assess interactions between major bioactive compounds and selected RA-related proteins.
• The abstract describes the interactions as 'potential'; no binding energies are given.

In vitro treatment reduced expression of MAPK14, MMP9, and IL2 in synovial fibroblasts.

• Expression was measured by quantitative PCR in synovial fibroblasts.
• The targets were selected from the network pharmacology analysis.

In vivo treatment suppressed inflammatory responses in the plasma of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rats.

• The CIA rat model was used to evaluate selected targets.
• The abstract reports suppression of plasma inflammatory responses without specific markers, doses, or statistics.

The authors conclude that C. axillaris bioactive compounds may modulate molecular targets associated with RA-related inflammation, supporting further investigation of nutraceutical formulations.

• The study was motivated by adverse effects of current RA therapies and the need to explore dietary sources of bioactive compounds.
• The fruit is described as underutilized.